Zero-knowledge proofs allow one party to prove to another that a statement is true without revealing any additional information. This tutorial walks through the core concepts — from interactive proofs to zk-SNARKs — with practical examples. By the end, you'll understand how ZKPs power privacy-preserving protocols across DeFi, identity, and beyond.
Merkle trees are the backbone of data integrity in distributed systems. This article breaks down how hash trees work, why they matter for light clients, and how rollups use them for state verification. Includes step-by-step diagrams showing how a single leaf change propagates through the entire tree structure.
This hands-on tutorial takes you from zero to deploying your first smart contract on a testnet. We cover Solidity basics — variables, functions, modifiers, and events — then build a simple token contract. You'll learn how to use Hardhat for local development, write unit tests, and deploy to Sepolia.
The semantic web extends the traditional web by structuring data in machine-readable formats. This article introduces RDF triples, ontologies, and SPARQL queries. Learn how linked data principles enable interoperable knowledge graphs that can be queried, combined, and reasoned over across organizational boundaries.
From Nakamoto consensus to Byzantine fault tolerance, this deep dive compares the major consensus mechanisms powering distributed networks today. We analyze trade-offs in security, throughput, finality, and energy efficiency — covering Proof of Work, Proof of Stake, Delegated PoS, and newer approaches like DAG-based consensus.